PARP1 activity, 8-nitroguanine, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine assays were performed in whole kidneys using a universal PARP colorimetric assay kit (Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), a 8-nitroguanine DNA/RNA damage ELISA kit (Cell Biolabs, San Diego, CA, USA) and a DNA/RNA oxidative damage ELISA kit (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), respectively, according to the manufacturer's instructions [18 (link)19 (link)22 (link)23 (link)24 (link)25 (link)].