The first SAS was a modified version of K-scale, a 40-item scale for juveniles concerning Internet addiction. The term “Internet” was changed to “smartphone.” From there, two items were removed, and one item was altered as it was inappropriate for adults. In addition, 10 questions were added, which described the mobile and ubiquitous features of smartphones. All the items were revised by six smartphone addiction field professionals (two psychiatrists, two clinical psychologists, and two counseling psychologists).
All the 48 items were divided into seven subscales: daily-life disturbance, disturbance of reality testing, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace-oriented relationship, overuse, and tolerance. Each item was assigned 1–6 points. The internal-consistency test result (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.97.
All the 48 items were divided into seven subscales: daily-life disturbance, disturbance of reality testing, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace-oriented relationship, overuse, and tolerance. Each item was assigned 1–6 points. The internal-consistency test result (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.97.
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