Cell proliferation was assayed by an xCELLigence Real Time Cell Analysis System (RTCA) (ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, CA, United States). Briefly, cells (5 × 103/well) were suspended in medium containing 10% FBS, seeded in E-plates, and placed onto the RTCA station. Cell proliferation was monitored by measuring cell impedance, and the normalized cell index was determined as previously described (Lin et al., 2018 (link)). Data acquisition and analysis were performed with the RTCA software (version 2.0) as described previously (Liang et al., 2020 (link)).
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