Ag nanoparticles were synthesized and coated as described in the Supplementary Information. Coatings around Ag were based on either NeutrAvidin (Ag-NA) protein or PEG-maleimide (Ag-PEG). Amine-reactive dyes were attached to NA nanoparticles for fluorescence microscopy and FACS (e.g. Ag-NA488). Peptides were synthesized with a biotin label for loading into the binding pocket of NA. Free cysteine-containing peptides were prepared as previously described and conjugated to PEG-maleimide.14 (link),25 (link) The etchant was composed of tripotassium hexacyanoferrate (HCF) and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (TS) (Sigma), working concentration of 1-10 mM HCF and TS.