Preparation of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles

Hot homogenization and ultra-sonication technique was employed for the preparation of LSP-NLCs [18 (link)]. Accurately weighed solid and liquid lipids were melted at 70 °C followed by the addition of LSP to the lipid melt to allow its complete dissolution. The aqueous phase was prepared by dissolving surfactants in distilled water and heated up to 70 °C. This hot aqueous phase was then poured into the lipid phase and homogenized at 15,000 rpm for 5 min (Homogenizer HG-15D, DAIHAN Scientific, Wonju, Republic of Korea). The obtained coarse O/W emulsion was further sonicated for 3 min at an amplitude of 50% and a power of 100 W using a probe sonicator at 65 °C (Model VCX750, Sonics and Materials Inc., Newtown, CT, USA). Finally, the obtained nano-emulsion was rapidly cooled down in an ice bath to form LSP-NLCs.