ARS staining was used to detect calcium deposition in cells as previously described (Li et al., 2020 (link)), which was used to evaluate osteogenic mineralization after 14 days. In brief, cells were washed with PBS three times for removing the medium, then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min. After that, BMSCs were washed three times, then stained with 1% ARS (G8550, Solarbio, China) for 15 min at room temperature. The cells were washed three times again to remove unspecific staining and then visually observed, and photos were taken using a microscope. To measure spectrophotometric absorbance, we used 10% cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate (C0732, Sigma–Aldrich, United States) to destain the cells for 1 h at room temperature. Then, the liquid was transformed into the 96‐well plate, and the spectrophotometric absorbance was evaluated at 562 nm using a spectrophotometer.