In this study, we chose mouse conjunctival GCs for in vitro experiments, conjunctival GCs were dissociated and cultured using a protocol published by García-Posadas et al. (14 (link)). The cultured cells were diluted to 1×106 cells/mL, and evenly added to 24-well plates. These cells were randomly divided into control group, carbomer group, and VAP group, VAP gel and carbomer gel were added into VAP and carbomer group respectively, then fetal bovine serum (FBS, 10%, F8318, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2 mM L-glutamine (G7513, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 100 µg/mL penicillin-streptomycin (V900929, Merck) were added to 24-well plates.The above cells were cultured in cell incubator (51032124, ThermoFisher Scientific) at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for another 24 h.