CDUS scanning was performed with a high-resolution Toshiba Aplio PowerVision ultrasound machine (Toshiba Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a 4–11 MHz linear-array transducer and a 3.5–5.0 MHz convex transducer. The stenosis grade of the supraaortic arteries was based on the increase in the peak systolic velocity and the end-diastolic velocity, and the detection of steal syndrome was based on the flow direction in the vertebral arteries [33 (link),34 (link)].
CTA image acquisition was carried out with a 64-multi-detector-row CT system (Somatom 64, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a routine imaging protocol. Biplanar and 3-dimensional reconstructions of the vessels were computed to characterize the anatomy of the aorta and its main branches [35 (link)].
MRI angiography was performed with a 1.5 T scanner (Magnetom Sonata Maestro Class, Erlangen, Germany) using a dedicated 8-element head coil [36 (link)].
A selective digital angiography of the index artery or arteries was performed using a Coroscop or Axiom Artis Zee angiograph (Siemens, Germany) with multiple angulated projections [33 (link),35 (link),36 (link)].
CTA image acquisition was carried out with a 64-multi-detector-row CT system (Somatom 64, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a routine imaging protocol. Biplanar and 3-dimensional reconstructions of the vessels were computed to characterize the anatomy of the aorta and its main branches [35 (link)].
MRI angiography was performed with a 1.5 T scanner (Magnetom Sonata Maestro Class, Erlangen, Germany) using a dedicated 8-element head coil [36 (link)].
A selective digital angiography of the index artery or arteries was performed using a Coroscop or Axiom Artis Zee angiograph (Siemens, Germany) with multiple angulated projections [33 (link),35 (link),36 (link)].
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