To create an MD mouse model, broad-spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin, 1 g/L; neomycin sulfate, 1 g/L; metronidazole, 1 g/L; vancomycin, 0.5 g/L; Sigma, USA) were added to the drinking water for 3 weeks to eliminate the intestinal flora, as described previously.11 (link) During this time, weight and food intake were recorded. At 2 days after antibiotic water was discontinued, to create the MD+KLA group, K. pneumoniae was administered.