Molecular Pathways in Lipid-Mediated Cytoprotection

The primary antibodies used were Bcl-2, Beclin-1, PPARγ, p-AKT, total-AKT, p-GSK3β, total- GSK3β (Cell Signaling, USA); and β-actin (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, USA). The secondary antibodies used were anti-rabbit IRdye800, anti-mouse IRdye700 (1:50,000 dilution). SB216763 (3µM), Rosiglitazone (6mg/kg body weight) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT inhibitor LY-294002 (10 µM) was purchased from Calbiochem, USA. The doses of the inhibitors and agonist used in this study were based on publications in the literature [28 (link)]. n-3 fish oil-based emulsion (10 g of TG/100 mL) was commercially prepared intravenous phospholipid-stabilized emulsions, and contained high concentrations of n-3 TG as previously described [27 (link)], [29 (link)]. n-3 TG emulsions were rich in EPA and DHA (~48% of total FA by weight) [27 (link)].