Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) viruses have been described previously and were generated by standard methods.4 (link),5 (link),23 (link) In brief, the virus was propagated in chicken embryo fibroblasts, concentrated and purified by ultracentrifugation through sucrose. To determine the infectious units (IU) for use, viruses were titrated in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Before virus administration, mice were deeply anesthetized with a mixture of Ketamine (Albrecht GmbH) and Xylazine (Bayer Vital GmbH). MVA was diluted to a final concentration of 3.3 × 108 IU/ml in PBS (Biochrom GmbH), and 30 μl (107 IU) was administered intranasally.