Immunoblotting was performed as described previously [4 (link),19 (link)]. The primary antibodies were used as follows: transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1, #ab179695, Abcam), connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF, #ab6992, Abcam), pro-interleukin-1beta (pro-IL-1β, #ab9722, Abcam), pro-IL-18 (#ab191860, Abcam), NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3, #ab214185, Abcam), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α, #ab205587), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, #ab178945), superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2/MnSOD, #ab13534, Abcam), thioredoxin (TRX, #ab109385), thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP, #ab188865), Parkin (#2132, Cell Signaling Technology), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA, #ab66484, Abcam), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP, L63F7, #2895, Cell Signaling), inositol-requiring protein-1α (IRE-1α, phospho S724, #ab37073, Abcam), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2, #ab196495, Abcam), Bcl2-associated X (Bax, #ab32503, Abcam), p-JNK (#ab76572), p-MEK4 (#4514, Cell Signaling), p-ASK1 (#ab278547), p-P38 (#ab4822), p-MEK3 (#ab79586), beta actin (β-actin, #ab8226, Abcam). Images were analyzed with an image analyzer (Odyssey® CL Imaging System, LI-COR Biosciences, NE, USA). Optical densities were obtained using the sham group as 100% reference and normalized with β-actin.
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