Organoids were formalin-fixed and embedded as previously described11 (link). IHC on sections of organoids and first-trimester placentas was performed using A.Menarini heat-induced epitope retrieval buffers and Vectastain avidin-biotin-HRP reagents as previously described11 (link). Primary antibodies (Supplementary Table 3) were replaced with equivalent concentrations of isotype-matched mouse or rabbit IgG for controls. Images were captured with a Zeiss Axiovert Z1 microscope and Axiovision imaging software SE64 V4.8.