Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) were isolated as described previously (5 (link)). Experiments were performed using cells between passages 4 and 6. Cells were switched to serum-free medium 6 h before cell migration assay. The peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato iron III chloride (FeTPPs; EMD Millipore) was used at a concentration of 5 µmol/L, whereas the nitration inhibitor epicatechin was used at a concentration of 200 μmol/L. Metformin was used at a 5 mmol/L concentration.