The single-molecule binding experiments were conducted as described before (7 (link)). In short, adhesive silicone hybridization chambers (Secure Seal Hybridization Chambers, SA8R-2.5; Grace Bio-Labs) were fixed onto PEGylated, biotinylated quartz coverslips (Bio_01; MicroSurfaces, Inc.); 0.2 mg/mL Avidin D (Vector Labs) were incubated for 5 min in a reaction chamber, followed by addition of 10 pM ACTR–Cy3B to yield a surface coverage of 0.1 to 0.3 molecules per µm2. Binding experiments were conducted in the appropriate PEG solution, supplied with 16 nM CF680R-labeled NCBD, 0.01% Tween 20, 1% (wt/vol) glucose, 0.4 mg/mL glucose oxidase, 400 U/mL catalase as oxygen scavenging system, as well as 1 mM methyl viologen and 1 mM ascorbic acid as triplet quenchers. Addition of these components led to a 0.1-fold dilution of the PEG solution, which was taken into account.