Weighted fecal samples were reconstituted in 100 µL Milli-Q® water (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), disrupted, and then incubated at 4 °C for 2 h and centrifuged at 12,000× g at 4 °C for 15 min. Supernatants were weighed, and saturated phosphotungstic acid was added (1 g for 100 µL). After overnight incubation at 4 °C, samples were centrifuged again and SCFA concentrations were determined using gas chromatography (Nelson 1020, Perkin-Elmer, St Quentin en Yvelines, France), as previously described [29 (link),30 (link)].
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