Articles were identified by searching PubMed for functional neuroimaging experiments of cognitive control tasks published through June 2015 that compared patients with Axis I disorders to matched control participants (Figure 1 ). Experiments were eligible if they (1 (link)) examined cognitive control tasks with functional neuroimaging, (2 (link)) performed whole-brain analysis, (3 (link)) included a comparison between patients with Axis I disorders and matched healthy control participants during cognitive challenges, and (4 (link)) reported coordinates in a defined stereotaxic space (e.g., Talairach or Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space).
Experimental procedures must have included diagnostic interview of Axis I patients and control participants, with patient groups exceeding clinical threshold for diagnosis. A psychotic disorders category comprised schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform, and delusional disorders. A non-psychotic disorders category comprised bipolar, unipolar (major depression, dysthymia) depressive, anxiety (including obsessive compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders), and substance use (mixed substance abuse and/or dependence) disorders. Experiments of fully remitted patient samples were excluded.
While individuals with principal depressive or bipolar disorders may also present with psychotic features, these were excluded by criteria in the original experiments. Across disorders, patient participants included those with first episode and chronic disorder manifestations, including inter-episode states of bipolar and psychotic disorders. The substance use disorders included chronic users of a range of substances currently active or abstinent, but not in acute withdrawal. Experiments were selected to capture lifespan patterns and thus included participants ranging from childhood through older adulthood. Axis I diagnoses presenting predominantly in childhood (e.g., attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) or those associated with altered developmental trajectories of brain structures inherent to expression of disorder phenotypes (e.g., autism spectrum disorders) were excluded.
Articles with experimental tasks probing a wide range of processes related to cognitive control were included, categorized into eight domains: conflict monitoring, performance monitoring, response inhibition, response selection, set shifting, verbal fluency, recognition memory, working memory. A ninth category (“other”) included 18 disparate experiments that did not cohere with one of these domains (Supplementary Table 1 ). To target substrates of higher order cognitive control, experiments that focused on simple processing speed or orienting in the context of passive perception (e.g., oddball discrimination) were excluded. Cognitive processing experiments with embedded affective manipulations (e.g., affective stimuli, mood induction) were also excluded.
Peak coordinates for whole-brain between group comparisons under cognitive challenge were required. Interactions were included if follow-up tests clarified patterns of patient hyper- versus hypoactivation during cognitive challenge. Experiments reporting results only for small-volume correction or within a region of interest were excluded. Articles with reported contrasts that did not reflect cognitive demand were excluded. If multiple contrasts were reported in a single paper only those pertaining to the most challenging condition were included. All coordinates reported in Talairach space were converted into MNI space (27 (link)).
Experimental procedures must have included diagnostic interview of Axis I patients and control participants, with patient groups exceeding clinical threshold for diagnosis. A psychotic disorders category comprised schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform, and delusional disorders. A non-psychotic disorders category comprised bipolar, unipolar (major depression, dysthymia) depressive, anxiety (including obsessive compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders), and substance use (mixed substance abuse and/or dependence) disorders. Experiments of fully remitted patient samples were excluded.
While individuals with principal depressive or bipolar disorders may also present with psychotic features, these were excluded by criteria in the original experiments. Across disorders, patient participants included those with first episode and chronic disorder manifestations, including inter-episode states of bipolar and psychotic disorders. The substance use disorders included chronic users of a range of substances currently active or abstinent, but not in acute withdrawal. Experiments were selected to capture lifespan patterns and thus included participants ranging from childhood through older adulthood. Axis I diagnoses presenting predominantly in childhood (e.g., attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) or those associated with altered developmental trajectories of brain structures inherent to expression of disorder phenotypes (e.g., autism spectrum disorders) were excluded.
Articles with experimental tasks probing a wide range of processes related to cognitive control were included, categorized into eight domains: conflict monitoring, performance monitoring, response inhibition, response selection, set shifting, verbal fluency, recognition memory, working memory. A ninth category (“other”) included 18 disparate experiments that did not cohere with one of these domains (
Peak coordinates for whole-brain between group comparisons under cognitive challenge were required. Interactions were included if follow-up tests clarified patterns of patient hyper- versus hypoactivation during cognitive challenge. Experiments reporting results only for small-volume correction or within a region of interest were excluded. Articles with reported contrasts that did not reflect cognitive demand were excluded. If multiple contrasts were reported in a single paper only those pertaining to the most challenging condition were included. All coordinates reported in Talairach space were converted into MNI space (27 (link)).
