This prospective, consecutive, observational, noninterventional study included 113 patients with diagnosis of wet-type age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME). None of the patients had known psychiatric conditions or used anxiolytic drugs. All subjects received intravitreal ranibizumab or bevacizumab injections performed by the same surgeon. To measure the level of anxiety, Spielberg's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire was used. All patients completed the questionnaire by themselves immediately before intravitreal injection.
STAI is the “gold standard” for measuring preoperative anxiety [2 , 3 (link), 4 (link)]. It comprises separate self-report scales for measuring two distinct anxiety concepts: state anxiety and trait anxiety. The reliability and validity of the STAI are well reported (Cronbach's alpha = 0.896). The STAI-T scale consists of 20 statements that ask people to describe how they generally feel. The STAI-S scale also consists of 20 statements, but the instructions require subjects to indicate how they feel at a particular moment in time. The STAI-S scale can be used to determine the actual levels of anxiety intensity induced by stressful procedures. The validity of the STAI rests upon the assumption that the examinee has a clear understanding of the “state” and “trait” instructions. Each question is rated on a 4-point scale (not at all, somewhat, moderately so, very much so). The range of possible scores for form Y of the STAI varies from a minimum score of 20 to a maximum score of 80 on both the STAI-T and STAI-S subscales. STAI scores are commonly classified as “no or low anxiety” (20-37), “moderate anxiety” (38-44), and “high anxiety” (45-80). We used form Y of STAI in English and had it translated into Turkish by an expert in the respective languages. The translated forms were then retranslated back to English. The retranslated sentences which most closely resembled the original English STAI form Y sentences were used for that language.
SPSS, version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Normality of the data was tested with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to indicate the appropriateness of parametric testing.
Values are presented as means ± standard deviation. A Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test were used for nonparametric data. Parametric data were analyzed using a Student t test. Pearson correlation and Spearman correlation tests were used to measure the linear association between two variables. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
STAI is the “gold standard” for measuring preoperative anxiety [2 , 3 (link), 4 (link)]. It comprises separate self-report scales for measuring two distinct anxiety concepts: state anxiety and trait anxiety. The reliability and validity of the STAI are well reported (Cronbach's alpha = 0.896). The STAI-T scale consists of 20 statements that ask people to describe how they generally feel. The STAI-S scale also consists of 20 statements, but the instructions require subjects to indicate how they feel at a particular moment in time. The STAI-S scale can be used to determine the actual levels of anxiety intensity induced by stressful procedures. The validity of the STAI rests upon the assumption that the examinee has a clear understanding of the “state” and “trait” instructions. Each question is rated on a 4-point scale (not at all, somewhat, moderately so, very much so). The range of possible scores for form Y of the STAI varies from a minimum score of 20 to a maximum score of 80 on both the STAI-T and STAI-S subscales. STAI scores are commonly classified as “no or low anxiety” (20-37), “moderate anxiety” (38-44), and “high anxiety” (45-80). We used form Y of STAI in English and had it translated into Turkish by an expert in the respective languages. The translated forms were then retranslated back to English. The retranslated sentences which most closely resembled the original English STAI form Y sentences were used for that language.
SPSS, version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Normality of the data was tested with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to indicate the appropriateness of parametric testing.
Values are presented as means ± standard deviation. A Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test were used for nonparametric data. Parametric data were analyzed using a Student t test. Pearson correlation and Spearman correlation tests were used to measure the linear association between two variables. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
