Somatic Withdrawal Symptoms in Rats

For spontaneous somatic withdrawal, rats underwent withdrawal scoring before surgery and drug treatment began, and 1, 4, 18, and 48 h after the last drug injection. Somatic symptoms were assessed for 30 min following 30 min habituation to the open field chamber (17″ × 17″ × 12″) (Med Associates, St. Albans, VT). An observer blind to drug groups scored the following symptoms: body shakes, tremors, eye blinks, genital licks, gasps, head shakes, ptosis, teeth chattering, yawns, and writhes [30 (link)]. Withdrawal was defined as a significant increase in total withdrawal symptoms as compared to the saline group at the same time point. Catheter patency was verified by rapid anesthesia following infusion of 0.1 mL of propofol (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL) after scoring the 4 h withdrawal time point. Animals without patent catheters were excluded from analysis.

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Reynaga D.D., Cano M., Belluzzi J.D, & Leslie F.M. (2023). Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract increases nicotine withdrawal symptoms in adult and adolescent male rats. Advances in Drug and Alcohol Research, 3, 11324.

Publication 2023

open field chamber propofol

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Variable analysis

independent variables

Drug treatment
Time points (before surgery, 1 h, 4 h, 18 h, and 48 h after the last drug injection)

dependent variables

Somatic withdrawal symptoms (body shakes, tremors, eye blinks, genital licks, gasps, head shakes, ptosis, teeth chattering, yawns, and writhes)

control variables

Open field chamber dimensions (17" × 17" × 12")
Habituation period (30 min) before assessing withdrawal symptoms
Observer blinding to drug groups
Catheter patency verification with propofol infusion

controls

Saline group as the negative control

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