HEK293 and HCT116 cell lines were obtained from ATCC, and have been maintained in the laboratory for several years. All other hCCCs used in the current studies, including COLO-205, RKO, COLO-320, and SW1417 cell lines were purchased from ATCC in 2015 and confirmed by ATCC. CCD841 cells were purchased from ATCC in 2015 by Dr. Carla Kantara (UTMB, Galveston, TX) and confirmed by ATCC and were kindly gifted to us. All cell lines were monitored regularly for absence of mycoplasma, and HEK293 and HCT116 cell lines were confirmed to represent human epithelial cell lines with the help of Biosynthesis, Inc., as described previously (12 (link)).