With the average protein intake in the US being ~1.7 g/kg BW/day, it contains about 132, 75, and 90 mg/kg BW of leucine, isoleucine, and valine (2.0:1.14:1.36), respectively [42] . The proportion of BCAAs in the chow diet used here (Lab diet #5001) is 2.0:1.13:1.22 (Leu:Ile:Val). Hence, we rounded up this ratio for a simple calculation to accomplish 2:1:1. We used a BCAA dose of 2.25 mmole/kg BW for all our experiments. This is based on the fact that the mean single meal size of a mouse weighing 30 g is ~0.216 g which corresponds to approximately 2.25 mmoles of BCAAs/kg [43] (link). When infused directly in the circulation, we used 150 mM of BCAAs prepared in saline (~450 mOsm/l) to minimize any osmotic shock. For intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment, we injected 10 µl/g BW of 225 mM BCAAs made in saline. 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BT2) was dissolved in DMSO and then added to the mixture of Cremophor EL and 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate (pH 9.0), making the final concentration of BT2 to be 4 mg/mL in 5% DMSO, 10% Cremophor EL and 85% of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate [32] . The vehicle contained the same proportion of DMSO, Cremophor EL, and sodium bicarbonate.