The primary retinopathy outcome was the mean deviation, and secondary outcomes were the pattern SD and foveal sensitivity, which are sensitive disease markers for retinopathy, and were assessed by frequency doubling technology (FDT) testing using the 24-2 program (Humphrey Matrix 800, Carl Zeiss Meditech, USA) on a Humphrey Matrix, as previously described [25 (link)]. We defined clinical retinopathy as a diagnosis of any retinopathy based on a review of non-mydriatic retinal photographs taken by an ophthalmologist (TWG) using a Canon CR-1 Mark II camera.