Raw data was exported using GeoMx DSP sopware to normalize the digital counts using internal spike-in controls (ERCCs) and scale each AOIs to area. All batch control, post-normalizaAon, staAsAcal analysis, and differenAally expressed protein (DEP) data visualizaAon were performed using R sopware (ver. 4.3.1, R FoundaAon for StaAsAcal CompuAng, Vienna, Austria, hFps://www.R-project.org/).