HEK293T cell (ATCC) and MEF were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Gibco) with 10% fetal calf serum (Greiner Bio-one, Longwood, FL, USA) in a 37°C incubator with 5% CO2. Cells were transfected using Lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instruction or using polyethylenimine (Invitrogen) following manufacturer’s protocol. Bortezomib, MG132, E64, pepstatin A, Balfilomycin A 1 and cycloheximide were purchased from Sigma. siRNA against Ltn1 was bought from Ambion. siRNA against FOXO1 were obtained from Dharmacon and have been described previously (45 (link)).