Cell Viability and Metabolic Regulation

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) was purchased from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin/streptomycin solution were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The EZ-Cytox assay kit, obtained from Daeil Lab Service (Chungcheongkuk-do, South Korea), was used to measure cell viability. The phosphorylation-form or non-phosphorylation-form primary antibodies of ACC (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase), AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), AKT (Protein kinase B), CPT-1 (Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1) were purchased from Cell signaling Technology (Berkeley, CA, USA), and β-actin was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), which also supplied secondary antibodies. The oligonucleotide primers for real-time qPCR were produced by Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea).