The EDS (Williams et al., 1997 (link)) measures chronic and routine unfair treatment in everyday life. Adopted from the Detroit Area Study, respondents were asked to report how often they experience unfair treatment in their day-to-day life on a 6-point Likert-type response format. Response categories ranged from 1 (never) to 6 (experience discrimination almost every day), with higher scores indicating greater perceived discrimination. Nine items included in the EDS are: “You are treated with less courtesy than other people are (Item 1),” “You are treated with less respect than other people are (Item 2),” “You receive poorer service than other people at restaurants or stores (Item 3),” “People act as if they think you are not smart (Item 4),” “People act as if they are afraid of you (Item 5),” “People act as if they think you are dishonest (Item 6),” “People act as if they’re better than you are (Item 7),” “You are called names or insulted (Item 8),” and “You are threatened or harassed (Item 9).” The internal consistency for the EDS was acceptable; Cronbach’s α was .88 and McDonald’s ω was .85. Distribution statistics (i.e., skewness and kurtosis) indicated univariate normality (skewness < 2; kurtosis < 7; see Curran, West, & Finch, 1996 ) for Items 1–7, but minor violations for Items 8 (skewness = 2.05) and 9 (skewness = 2.49, kurtosis = 8.67).