The serum metabolome was assessed using an untargeted approach via UPLC-MS/MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The sample pretreatment methods and UPLC-MS/MS analysis method were carried out as described previously [6 (link),25 (link)], with minor modification. In brief, we removed the protein from the serum sample and then dried the supernatant for testing. Raw data were preprocessed by compound discoverer 2.1 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Pathway enrichment analyses were processed in MetaboAnalyst 5.0 (https://www.metaboanalyst.ca (accessed on 10 September 2022)). The visualization results of the models were obtained with MetaboAnalyst 5.0.
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