Plasmid DNA was isolated from Listeria spp. and B. subtilis strains, as described previously [23 (link)]. In the case of S. aureus strains, lysostaphin (A&A Biotechnology, Gdańsk, Poland) was used instead of lysozyme (Sigma-Aldrich). Plasmid DNA for sequencing was isolated using large-scale preparation methods [80 (link)], and sequence assembly was verified by RFLP analysis. Purified plasmid DNA was digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI, BamHI or NcoI, according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The resulting DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis in 0.8% agarose gels.
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