Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured using a dry chemistry analyzer (FUJI DRI-CHEM 7000V, FUJIFILM, Tokyo, Japan). To indirectly quantify endotoxin levels, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) concentrations were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s guidelines (Guduo, Shanghai, China) because of the well-documented inaccuracies inherent to direct endotoxin measurements (Tremellen et al., 2017 (link)). Serum cytokine levels were measured using a Bio-Plex Mouse Cytokine 23-Plex Panel kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The following mouse cytokine levels were analyzed for each sample: interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-12 p70, IL-13, IL-17α, eotaxin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KDC), macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.
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