DMSO was used as vehicle control. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 was obtained from Merck/Millipore and used at the final concentration of 20 μM for 3 h. PHD inhibitors IOX2 and FG-4592 were purchased from Selleckchem. VHL inhibitors VH032, VH298, and nonbinding epimer cisVH298 were synthesized by a group member of our laboratory (13 (link), 14 (link)). Compounds were added to cells for indicated length of time. Chloroquine (Merck) and bafilomycin A1 (Selleckchem) were added to cells for 3 h at 50 μM and 50 nM, respectively.
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