We assessed the global cognitive function and the five cognitive domains (attention, executive function, language, memory, and visuospatial function) of all subjects. The global cognitive function was assessed using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Attention was tested by forward digit span test (DST). Language was assessed by Boston naming test (BNT). Memory was examined by auditory verbal learning test-HuaShan version (AVLT-H). Visuospatial function was evaluated by clock copying test (CCT).
Executive function was evaluated by trail making test (TMT) (inhibitory control), backward DST (working memory), clock drawing test (CDT) (planning and inhibitory control), semantic fluency test (SFT) (cognitive flexibility).
All patients were evaluated in the “ON” state, and those with scores 1.5 SD lower than the HC group were considered to have neuropsychological impairment. PD patients were classified using the diagnostic criteria recommended by Movement Disorder Society (MDS) of literature support as PD-MCI (Litvan et al., 2012 (link)) (n = 41) and PD-D (Emre et al., 2007 (link)) (n = 20). Those who did not fulfill criteria for PD-MCI or PD-D were classified as PD-N (n = 44).
Executive function was evaluated by trail making test (TMT) (inhibitory control), backward DST (working memory), clock drawing test (CDT) (planning and inhibitory control), semantic fluency test (SFT) (cognitive flexibility).
All patients were evaluated in the “ON” state, and those with scores 1.5 SD lower than the HC group were considered to have neuropsychological impairment. PD patients were classified using the diagnostic criteria recommended by Movement Disorder Society (MDS) of literature support as PD-MCI (Litvan et al., 2012 (link)) (n = 41) and PD-D (Emre et al., 2007 (link)) (n = 20). Those who did not fulfill criteria for PD-MCI or PD-D were classified as PD-N (n = 44).
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