In both experiments, observers were seated 55 cm away from a 39 cm × 29 cm cathode-ray tube monitor (G255f, resolution 1280 × 1024 pixels, refresh rate 85 Hz; ViewSonic, Brea, CA) covering 39.0° × 29.5° of the visual field. Each observer's head was stabilized using a combined chin and forehead rest. Visual stimuli were generated using a PC with a GeForce GTX 970 graphics card (NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA) and MATLAB R2018b (MathWorks, Natick, MA), Psychtoolbox 3.0.12 (Brainard, 1997 (link); Kleiner, Brainard, & Pelli, 2007 ; Pelli, 1997 (link)), and PLDAPS toolbox version 4 (Eastman & Huk, 2012 (link)).