The Transwell migration (without Matrigel) assay and Matrigel invasion assay were performed as previously described 11 (link), 18 (link). Cells (1×104) to be tested were plated on the top surface of the polycarbonate Transwell filter without (for cell migration assay) or with Matrigel coating (for cell invasion assay) in the upper chamber of the BioCoatTM Invasion Chambers (BD, Bedford, MA) and incubated at 37 °C for 22 h; this was followed by removal of cells inside the upper chamber with cotton swabs. Cells that had migrated and invaded the bottom surface of the membrane were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde, stained with hematoxylin, photographed and quantified by counting the number of cells in five random 200× magnification fields.