1H NMR were recorded using a Bruker 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. LC-MS was performed on a Waters Acquity LCMS system equipped with UV-Vis and MS detectors. The hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of LNPs were measured using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90. The morphology of LNPs was characterized by a cryo-electron microscope (Titan Krios, Thermo Fisher). The mRNA encapsulation efficiency and the pKa of LNP were determined using a modified Quant-iT RiboGreen RNA assay (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California, USA) and a 6-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid (TNS) assay47 (link),48 (link), respectively.
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