Clinical descriptors on each patient and control subject were collected, namely, age, sex, and BMI. BMI data were also expressed as standard deviation score (SDS) for age and sex, based on the Spanish BMI pediatric cohort growth chart data (29 (link)). Blood samples from patients with T1D were acquired for centralized measurement of HbA1c, fasting basal and stimulated C-peptide, genetics, and immunology; and insulin requirements were recorded. At the time of T1D diagnosis, HLA typing of DRB1 alleles and islet autoantibodies to IA-2, GAD65, and ZnT8 were determined as previously reported (20 (link)). HbA1c was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (ADAMS A1c HA-8180V, Arkray, MN, USA) in all patients at each time-point. Fasting basal C-peptide was determined by ELISA (Architect i2000, Abbott, IL, USA) in both controls and patients at each time-point. Only at T1D onset, stimulated C-peptide was measured 6 min after i.v. administration of 1 mg glucagon.
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