Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay (Invitrogen) or by flow cytometry of cells stained with the fluorescent DNA intercalator TO-PRO-3 (Invitrogen). The colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed as previously described (59 (link)). For cell cycle and death analyses, flow cytometry of cells stained with annexin V and propidium iodide (Invitrogen) was performed using the Guava EasyCyte flowcytometry system (MilliporeSigma), as previously described (66 (link)). Data were analyzed by FCS EXPRESS software (De Novo Software).