Cell migration was evaluated by Transwell assay using the 8 μm-pore Transwell migration chambers (Corning, USA). Briefly, transfected cells were seeded in the upper portion of a chamber with serum-free medium. Complete medium filled in the lower chamber as an attractant. At 48 h after incubation, the non-migrated cells in the upper chamber were removed by cotton swabs. The migrated cells were stained with 0.1% crystal violet (Beyotime, Nantong, China) for 30 min, and then photographed and counted under optical microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).19 (link)