B. malayi FR3 RNA was isolated using TRIzol (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) with tissue homogenization followed by purification with a PureLink RNA Mini column (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) (21 (link)). Publicly available (SRR15923920) D. ananassae ONT direct RNA sequencing data was used (Supplementary Table 1) that was sequenced from RNA isolated from whole flies homogenized in liquid nitrogen using QIAzol and chloroform (22 (link)). C. albicans RNA was isolated using TRIzol (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) with bead beating and a PureLink RNA Mini column (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA). E. coli RNA was isolated using an RNEasy column (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA) followed by polyadenylation with an E. coli poly(A) polymerase (NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA). Total RNA was extracted from SINV-infected JW18 cells using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) followed by RQ1 RNase-free DNase (NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA) treatment using manufacturer’s protocol. SINV IVT RNA was generated by SP6-driven transcription with MEGAscript (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and the TE12 BC 4.10 plasmid, followed by lithium chloride precipitation.