Whole cell lysates (50 μg) were separated by SDS-PAGE and the proteins transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for Western blotting as previously described (20 (link)). Specific primary antibodies were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions; Cyclin D1 (Cat. No. sc-753, clone H295, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), phospho Rb S780 (Cat. No. 9307S, Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA), LC3-A/B (Cat. No. 4108, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), AMPK (Cat. No. 2532S, Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA), phospho AMPK T172 (Cat. No. 2531S, Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA), Bnip3 (Cat. No. 3485-1, Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA) and Vinculin (Cat. No. V9131, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), which was used as an internal protein loading control. The LKB1 phospho-serine 325 (pS325) antibody was previously described (6 (link)). Anti rabbit (Cat. No. sc-2004, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) or mouse (Cat. No. sc-2005, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) secondary HRP-conjugated antibodies were diluted at 1:3000.