Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Calculation

Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by height squared (m²). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation using baseline serum creatinine levels (11 (link)). Remnant cholesterol was calculated as TC (mmol/L) – HDLC (mmol/L) – LDLC (mmol/L) (8 (link)). Hypertension was defined as repeated blood pressure measurements ≥140/90 mmHg at least 3 times on different occasions or a self-reported diagnosis of hypertension (12 (link)). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as glycated hemoglobin >6.5%, a fasting serum glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, random glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, and/or current diabetes treatment (13 (link)). Coronary artery disease (CAD) was defined as angiography-proven coronary stenosis ≥50% of at least one coronary artery (14 (link)). HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was defined as HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50%. HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) was defined as HF with LVEF 41–49%. HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was defined as HF with LVEF ≤40% (15 (link)).