This cohort study analyzed data from the Cardiorenal Improvement II (CIN-II) study, which is a multi-center cohort study with patients enrolled at five large tertiary hospitals (Cardiorenal Improvement II, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05050877) in China. A total of 145,267 patients undergoing CAG from January 2007 to December 2020 were enrolled. We included patients of young age (men < 45, women < 55; n = 15,358). Patients with missing data on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level (n = 5,904), or follow-up information (n = 96), with scheduled cardiac surgery (n = 490) were excluded. Eventually, 8868 patients undergoing CAG were enrolled (Fig. 1). The study was approved by the ethics committee of the participant hospital and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Flowchart of the study

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