AMK extracts were obtained from root crude drug as previously reported (Wang et al. 2016 (link)). Briefly, AMK was percolated with 95% ethanol, 15.87 g of crude drug was concentrated to 1 g of AMK extracts. AMK extracts were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Waters 600E system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) equipped with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, refractive index detectors, and a C18 column (Kromasil, Sweden). 1.09% AA I was detected in the AMK extracts.