To immunize mice, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenol conjugated to AECM-Ficoll (NP-Ficoll, Biosearch Technologies) was alum-precipitated by mixing (1 mg/ml) with an aluminum hydroxide solution at a 1:1 ratio. Precipitation in Alum makes hapten-Ficoll a modestly stronger antigen54 (link). Mice were immunized i.p. with 376 μg per 100 gram body weight. After 7 days, mice were killed and single-cell suspension of the spleen was analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISPOT assay performed as previously described55 (link). For presence anti-NP antibodies, mice we immunized as afore-described and blood collected every 7 days.