Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay (Invitrogen) or by flow cytometry of cells stained with the fluorescent DNA intercalator TO-PRO 3 (Invitrogen). The colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma-Aldrich) assay was performed as previously described19 (link). For cell cycle and death analyses, flow cytometry of cells stained with annexin V and propidium iodide (Invitrogen) was performed using the Guava EasyCyte flowcytometry system (MilliporeSigma, Billerica, MA, USA), as previously described47 (link). Data were analyzed by FCS EXPRESS software (De Novo Software, Los Angeles, CA, USA).