Demographic and Anthropometric Assessments

Demographic data collected included age, gender, lipid and blood pressure medication usage, education, socio-economic status, race/ethnicity (Classification from Australian Standard Classification of Cultural & Ethnic Groups 2016), employment and marital status All anthropometric assessments were conducted with participants wearing light clothing and barefoot. Body mass and percentage body fat were measured using calibrated electronic scales (Tanita Ultimate Scale 2000; Tokyo, Japan). Measures of height and waist circumference were assessed as described previously [40 (link)]. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using Quetelet’s index: mass (kg)/height (m)² [41 ]. All assessments were conducted twice with the average value used in analyses.