Protein Expression Detection by Western Blot

The total protein of the cell lysates was extracted after treatment with different conditions. A detailed description of the preparation is presented in our previous report [29 (link)]. The primary antibodies used to detect specific proteins were β-actin (A544, Sigma), LC3 (PM036, Medical and Biological Laboratories, Nagoya, Japan), TIMP1 (ab109125, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), Rab37 (LTK BioLaboratories, Taiwan), ATG5 (ab108327, Abcam), and ATG7 (ab133528, Abcam). Samples were incubated overnight at 4 °C. The membranes were incubated with the secondary anti-rabbit (Amersham Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ, USA) or anti-mouse (Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA) antibody at room temperature for 1 h. Finally, the membrane was rinsed with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) (WBKLS0500; Millipore) and exposed using the BioSpectrum AC system (101-206-009; UVP, Upland, CA, USA).