Calu3, Caco2, 293T, Huh7, and VeroE6 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. 293T-ACE2 was obtained from GeneCopoeia (Rockville, Maryland, USA). A549-ACE2 was obtained from Invivogen (San Diego, CA, USA). Cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, Amarillo, Texas, USA) or DMEM/F12 (Gibco) according to the supplier’s instructions (47 (link)). VeroE6-TMPRSS2 was obtained from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank and cultured in DMEM. All cell lines used are routinely tested for mycoplasma and are maintained mycoplasma-free.
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