10 and 150 mM NaCl (purchased form Sigma Aldrich, reagent grade) solutions were prepared by mixing the salt in ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm, Millipore, Sweden). The cell medium BEGM (Lonza, Sweden) solution was used as received and stored under cold and dark conditions. The 1 mg mL-1 stock solution of citrate coated Ag NPs was diluted without further treatment to 10 mgL-1 prior to the ZP and size distribution measurements. This particle concentration and sample preparation are relevant for toxicological studies.[24 (link)]
The Cu NPs were dispersed using a sonication probe for 15 min in ultrapure water, resulting in 7056 J of delivered acoustic energy, see details elsewhere [28 ]. For the measurements of XPS after sonication, the dispersed Cu NPs were centrifuged (3000 rpm, Eppendorf 5702 centrifuge, USA) for 15 min to collect the NPs for analysis.
Zn NPs were dispersed at concentrations of 10 mgL-1 and 100 mgL-1 in artificial surface water (OECD 203 medium, ISO 6341). The surface water was prepared using ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm, Millipore, Sweden) and analytical grade chemicals, according toTable 1 . The solution pH was adjusted with a 0.95% solution of H2SO4. The samples were sonicated (30% duty cycle, output control 5, Branson Sonifier 250, Emerson, USA) for 2 min prior to exposure.
The Cu NPs were dispersed using a sonication probe for 15 min in ultrapure water, resulting in 7056 J of delivered acoustic energy, see details elsewhere [28 ]. For the measurements of XPS after sonication, the dispersed Cu NPs were centrifuged (3000 rpm, Eppendorf 5702 centrifuge, USA) for 15 min to collect the NPs for analysis.
Zn NPs were dispersed at concentrations of 10 mgL-1 and 100 mgL-1 in artificial surface water (OECD 203 medium, ISO 6341). The surface water was prepared using ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm, Millipore, Sweden) and analytical grade chemicals, according to
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