Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 13C metabolites were prepared for HP according to published reports: [1-13C] pyruvate24 (link), [1-13C] lactate35 (link), [13C,15N2] urea36 (link), [1-13C] dehydroascorbate and [1-13C] ascorbate21 (link). All metabolites were HP using a prototype SpinLab (General Electric, Niskayuna, New York, USA) for approximately 90 min before dissolving with appropriate buffers as described in previous publications.
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