The metabolite analysis was based on literature reports [13 (link),14 (link)] in sample preparation and metabolite analysis. Briefly, an Ultra-high performance liquid phase tandem Thermo Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer, which was equipped with a UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) (Waters Corporation, Shanghai, China), and the control software (Xcalibur, version: 4.0.27, Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA)) was used as the liquid-mass system for primary and secondary mass spectrometry data acquisition. The mobile phase under a positive ion mode was composed of A: 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and B: acetonitrile. For negative ion mode, mobile phase A was 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. MS-DIAL [15 (link)] software was used to identify the metabolites based on the open-access database of MetaboLights (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights (accessed on 9 October 2021)).
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